Wang, Siyao
Jiang, Wenbin
Gu, Ruting
Du, Zhongjun
Pan, Shixiang
Wei, Lili
Funding for this research was provided by:
Institute of Hospital Management, National Health and Wellness Commission, China (YLZLXZ23G108, YLZLXZ23G108, YLZLXZ23G108, YLZLXZ23G108, YLZLXZ23G108, YLZLXZ23G108)
Qingdao Outstanding Health Professional Development Fund
Article History
Received: 31 July 2024
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
:
: This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (approval number: QYFY WZLL 28835). Informed consent was obtained from each participant before data collection, ensuring voluntary participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.