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Article History

Received: 22 May 2025

Accepted: 22 August 2025

First Online: 3 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study strictly adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments or similar ethical standards. All research procedures in this study were conducted in compliance with applicable guidelines and regulatory requirements. Specifically, under Article 32 of Chap. 3 from the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings (Document No. 2023 4 issued by the Department of Science and Technology Education, National Health Commission of China; accessible at ), ethical review and informed consent exemptions apply to research meeting the following criteria: (1) no harm to participants, (2) no involvement of sensitive personal information or commercial interests, and (3) utilization of anonymized data. This study exclusively employs anonymized information datasets for analysis, fully aligning with criteria (1) and (2). Consequently, formal ethical review and informed consent were not required for this research under the stipulated provisions. Based on the previously cited national laws, the Ethics Committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology exempted the patients from informed consent and ethical approval.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.