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Authors
Xia, Xueqing
Zhu, Mingbao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Institutes of China (21CRK011)
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: The data used in this study were obtained from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), a nationally representative longitudinal social survey project designed and implemented by the Institute of Gerontology at Renmin University of China. The CLASS study strictly complied with the Ethical Guidelines of the Academic Ethics Committee of Renmin University (Trial) and China’s Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans. All participants provided written informed consent, with explicit authorization for using anonymized data in academic research.
: Not applicable. No experiments were conducted, nor were patients involved in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
