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Authors
Bong, Yi Lin
Chew, Keng Sheng
Sim, Sze Kiat
Lee, Shalin Wan Fei
Tan, Peter Chee Seong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2024
Accepted: 16 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR ID-22-02887-9UP). Formal permission was also obtained from the director of SGH. Only consenting eligible perioperative staff were recruited, as they duly signed the informed consent form. The authors affirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with the ‘Declaration of Helsinki’ regarding ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
