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Article History

Received: 4 July 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Approval No. FHLSREC/DIU/2024/SMIG-46).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Respondents were informed about the study’s objectives, data confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any stage without consequences. For the quantitative component, an electronic consent form was included in the email communication and attached to the physical questionnaire. For key informant interviews, verbal consent was obtained and recorded at the beginning of each session. Participation was entirely voluntary. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study by de-identifying responses and securely storing all data. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and ensured no coercion or exploitation of vulnerable groups.

: Not applicable.

: The authors did not use generative AI or AI-assisted technologies in the development of this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.