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Authors
Mascarenhas, Edgar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5375-0644
Carnide, Filomena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0580-8637
Oliveira, Mónica D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4053-9214
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidade de Lisboa (08/BD/2023)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,Portugal (UIDB/00447/2020)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/00097/2023)
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Accepted: 25 September 2025
First Online: 28 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to voluntary participation. Participants acted as experts in the anonymous Delphi surveys and the workshop, where they contributed preference data regarding innovation and entrepreneurship education for health professionals, along with basic demographic information. Participants were selected based on their professional experience in industry, healthcare provision, policymaking, or academia. All Delphi surveys were conducted anonymously via a secure online platform, with no identifying information stored alongside participants’ responses. Workshop data were collected and managed using password-protected digital tools, and participants’ contributions were anonymised in the reporting of results. All data were stored in compliance with European Union data protection regulations (GDPR). An exemption from formal ethics board approval was applicable in this case. This exemption was justified because the study was conceptual in nature, focusing on competencies and topics in innovation and entrepreneurship that may inform future training courses for health professionals, without direct impact on human subjects. No educational interventions were implemented with students or teachers; no manipulation, intervention, or collection of sensitive personal data occurred; no vulnerable groups, patients, or students were involved; and the study posed no additional risks to participants. Written informed consent was obtained prior to participation, and all individuals acknowledged in the manuscript also provided explicit consent for their names to be included. The authors adhered to the ethical guidelines deemed relevant by the Ethics Committee of Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), University of Lisbon. These include the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity, the European Commission’s Ethics Self-Assessment Form, the European Commission’s Ethics and Data Protection Guidelines, the IST guidelines for informed consent, and the University of Lisbon’s Code of Conduct and Good Practice.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
