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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 12 October 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: In accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements, this study does not require ethical approval. This is because the study only uses aggregated clinical department management data and does not involve sensitive/private information of individual patients. The use of the data in this study by the department of medical quality management has been approved by Chaozhou Central Hospital, and the departments involved have been anonymized.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.