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Authors
Gao, Pan
Wei, Dongle
Wang, Yu
Lu, Wei
Guo, Ruifang
Zhai, Yunkai
Qiao, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hospital Management Research Project of Zhongyuan Medical Science and Technology Innovation Foundation (24YCG1016)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72202217)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M743163)
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Article History
Received: 17 July 2024
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in full compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the School of Management, Zhengzhou University. Informed consent was obtained from every participant. No personally identifiable information was collected, and all data were used solely for research purposes.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
