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Article History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 15 October 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Declarations

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: As a secondary analysis of de-identified data, this study was exempted from ethics approval by The University of Queensland (UQ) Human Ethics Office (#2023/HE001992). Data access was approved by the Australian Government Departments of Social Services and Health and Aged Care, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The study design and interpretation of results were reviewed and refined in consultation with the advisory group for the overall project. This advisory group included both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous clinicians, service providers, service planners, researchers and a community advisor.

: It is crucial to declare the positionality of the research team to ensure transparency, acknowledge potential biases, and affirm the cultural integrity and accountability of Indigenous health research. XZ, CP, MW, CN, SS, TB, RP, TB, YL, LZ, XH, Harvey W, and SD are non-Indigenous researchers based in Meanjin (Brisbane), committed to advancing health equity and supporting Indigenous self-determination. Their expertise in quantitative analysis and public health methodologies is guided by principles of cultural safety, reciprocity, and respect for Indigenous Knowledge Systems. RB, an Aboriginal researcher from the Gunggari and Kunja Nations, Hayley W, an Aboriginal researcher from the Gamilaroi nation, and RF, an Aboriginal health provider from the Bidjara Nation, played pivotal roles in the research by contributing essential methodological and cultural insights. Their connection to communities and lived experiences ensured that the study authentically reflects Indigenous perspectives and values, grounding the work in cultural integrity and relevance. The authors acknowledge potential power dynamics, aim to minimize bias through reflexivity and close collaboration with the Institute for Urban Indigenous Health (IUIH), whose leadership and guidance strengthen the study’s commitment to advocating for systemic change that benefits Indigenous communities.

: The authors declare no competing interests.