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Authors
Suzuki, Shota https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3199-5883
Nishikawa, Yoshitaka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3313-1990
Carter, Stephen R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-0884
Schneider, Carl R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2921-5609
Takahashi, Yoshimitsu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4073-9945
Nakayama, Takeo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7918-6252
Okada, Hiroshi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-9383
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Pfizer Health Research Foundation, Japan (23-9-024)
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the applicable Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wakayama Medical University (approval no. 4112). Only pharmacies with pharmacists who provided informed consent were included. Participants provided electronic consent through a tablet and had the option to withdraw.
: Not applicable.
: The pSQS, pSQS-SF6 and pSQS-J scales are protected by © Copyright. They may be used with appropriate citation. Please contact Shota Suzuki (suzuki.shota.82z@kyoto-u.jp) (for pSQS-J) or alternatively Stephen Carter (stephen.carter@sydney.edu.au) or Carl Schneider (carl.schneider@sydney.edu.au) (for all versions) to arrange permission for modifications or for commercial use.
: SS reports no conflict of interest. YN received a grant from Japan Medical Association; donation from Datack Co., Ltd. SRC reports no conflict of interest. CRS reports no conflict of interest. YT is employed through a joint research fund between Kyoto University and HealthTech Laboratory Inc. TN received grants from I&H Co., Ltd., Cocokarafine Group Co., Ltd., Konica Minolta Inc., and NTT DATA. Corp.; consulting fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Johnson & Johnson K.K., and Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; honoraria from Pfizer Japan Inc., MSD K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Maruho Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Allergan Japan K.K., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Toa Eiyo Ltd., Dentsu Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., GSK plc, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cannon Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Kowa Company Ltd., and Araya AbbVie Inc. HO received donations from Yuyama Co., Ltd., Ishizuka Co., Ltd., Frant Co., Ltd., and Neoplus Pharma Co., Ltd.
