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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 3 November 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants directly. It relied exclusively on secondary, publicly available, and aggregated data (e.g., national registries, government reports, and official statistics), none of which contained personal or identifiable information. In accordance with national regulations and institutional policy, the use of such data does not require informed consent. The study protocol was reviewed and classified as exempt from ethical approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Link Campus University. All procedures were conducted in compliance with relevant national legislation and with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.