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Article History

Received: 24 January 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

:

: We conducted the study in compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including the declaration of Helsinki, the World Health Organization’s “Code of Conduct for Responsible Research,” and the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This study does not fall under the scope of the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). It therefore does not require approval from an accredited medical ethics review committee in the Netherlands (waiver number 22/482). However, in the UMC Utrecht, an independent quality check has been carried out to ensure compliance with legislation and regulations regarding informed consent procedure, data management, privacy aspects and legal aspects. Retrospective data collection was done after obtaining written informed consent from patients. In accordance with article 458 of the Dutch Act on Medical Treatment Agreement (WGBO), data collection for deceased persons was done unless registered objection for research participation was available in the GP record, given that the research serves the public interest, the exclusion of deceased patients will lead to distorted results.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.