Oduenyi, Chioma
Obafemi, Sylverius
Betron, Myra
Bryce, Emily
Chijioke-Dikeocha, Nneka
Ifemenam, Emeka
Maiakwai, Adamu
Yusuf, Samaila
Kabir, Bello
Sampson, Emeka
Yaro, Hadiza
Odezugo, Gertrude
Adetiloye, Oniyire
Funding for this research was provided by:
US Agency for International Development ([grant #7200AA20CA00002].)
Article History
Received: 1 April 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (IRB #17494) and Nigeria Ethics Research (EBS/MOH/COM/3/1/47 and SMH1580/V. IV) in both Ebonyi and Sokoto States, Nigeria. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants, and the study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki’s ethical guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.