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Authors
Fatimah, Alfariany
Anselmi, Laura
Gibson, Jonathan
Maharani, Asri
Irmansyah, Irmansyah
Idaiani, Sri
Susilo, Dwidjo
Wilkinson, Jack
Sutton, Matt
Susanti, Herni
Brooks, Helen
Bee, Penny
Thabrany, Hasbullah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR [Global Health Research for Sustainable Care for Anxiety and Depression in Indonesia) (NIHR134638)
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Article History
Received: 11 September 2024
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: No ethical approval was required for this study as the data is pseudo-anonymised publicly available data. BPJS Kesehatan provides pseudo-anonymised BPJS Kesehatan sample data, adhering to the Indonesian Law No.16/1997 on Statistics, Indonesian Law 27/2022 on private data protection and ethical code guidance of BPJS Kesehatan.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
