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Authors
Schäfer, Louis Noël https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0039-1037
Rampanjato, Zavaniarivo https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4581-9943
Bogler, Lisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-9777
Rajemison, Elsa
Knauss, Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3046-9075
Emmrich, Julius Valentin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3393-0840
Randriamiarisoa, Mirana Larissa
Andriamasy, Harizaka Emmanuel https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9067-353X
Truss, Louisa Marie https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4572-451X
Vieira, Bítia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8253-7291
Bärnighausen, Till https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-4212
Reñosa, Mark Donald C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-7174
McMahon, Shannon A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-9283
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg der Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2024
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 6 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the University of Heidelberg, Germany (S-428/2019) and the National Institute for Public and Community Health (INSPC), Madagascar (012/2019-CEER/INSPC). Written informed consent was secured from all respondents.
: Not applicable.
: JVE and SK are shareholders of the non-profit company mTOMADY and Co-PIs on the BMBF-funded 4MOTHERS trial. ER is the CEO and a shareholder of the non-profit company mTOMADY.
