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Authors
Huang, Yu-Han
Tai, Ta-Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6735-4861
Hsu, Shu-Han
Ling, Daphne I.
Wang, Jung-Der
Ku, Li-Jung Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4644-8439
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (MOST 111-2627-M-006-003)
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Cheng Kung University Hospital (IRB No. B-ER-109-508), which granted a waiver of informed consent due to the use of de-identified secondary data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) claims database. All data were accessed in accordance with relevant data protection and ethical guidelines. No identifiable personal information was used, and individual consent was not required. To protect the identity of subjects in the database, personal identification numbers were replaced with anonymized codes by the Health and Welfare Data Science Center (HWDC) in Taiwan, and the researchers did not have access to the subjects’ personal identification numbers.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
