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Authors
Rockhill, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3197-2825
Rickless, David S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-2878
Anderson, Corey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9907-1332
Brenner, Stephan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-7008
Curriero, Frank https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-0648
Colón-Rodríguez, Caleb J.
Homdayjanakul, Kamonthip J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-0779
Bui, Juliet
Moore, Roslyn Holliday
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Article History
Received: 11 September 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 27 February 2026
Declarations
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: This analysis was classified as public health surveillance conducted under 45 CFR 46.102(l)(2) and by a federal agency and therefore was exempted from institutional review board (IRB) review and informed consent requirements by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Human Research Protections Office (HRPO). The research was conducted in accordance with relevant regulations and guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki. All analyses were conducted in a secure virtual research data center which prohibited the export of personally identifiable information and personal health information.
: Not applicable.
: The findings and conclusions in this study have not been formally disseminated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
