Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was carried out following the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and fully complied with the standards of the Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) Guidelines and applicable local regulatory mandates. Ethical approvals were obtained from ethical committees of the faculty of Medicine at Kafrelshiekh University in Egypt (MKSU51-3–20), the University of Science and Technology in Yemen (2024-E16), Palestine Polytechnic University in Palestine (KA/41/2024), and the Ministry of Health and Prevention in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (MOHAP/REC/2024/55–2024-f-M). Informed consent was obtained from the participants before they filled out the questionnaire. It clearly outlined the study’s objectives, risks, and benefits. They agreed with this statement: “Filling out this questionnaire constitutes your informed consent to use your answers for research purposes only without revealing your identity or personal data, and you are free to withdraw at any time, without giving a reason. Thank you so much. Confidentiality was emphasized, along with the right of the participant to withdraw from completing the survey at any time. We provided instructions on the first page of the study to ask for parents’ consent before starting the questionnaire if the participant was under 18 years old.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: HealthTech AllianceJhancy Malay 1 , Sarah A. Haji 2 , Mawada A. H. Taha 3 , Fada S. Alzeidi 4 , Badr A. Al-Tayar 95 , Awlaa Adil 5 , Alaa Mahmoudy 6 , Hiba Y. Yaghmour 7 , Mariam A. Abdulhay 8 , Malak S. Mahdi 9 , Fatema Almadhoob 10 , Djehina Ferhat 11 , Amr Khaled 12 , Omaima Y. A. Al Shehhi 13 , Fatema I. J. Alshakhoori 10 , Eman S. N. Shubbar 15 , Hussam S. Aziz 9 , Younes F. Samara 17 , Noor Alhuda R. Mohammed 18 , Sharouq R. A. Al Rubaiei 19 , Tasnim Tarboush 20 , Mahmoud E. Kamal 21 , Fatma A. Al-shamsi 22 , Ahmad Al Othman 23 , Zohra Bensayah 24 , Danya Ibrahim 25 , Manal Al-Ghafri 26 , Amjd Sobh 27 , Butaina Abdulhafith 28 , Bayan S. M. J. A. Alawi 29 , Alshaima A. H. Koko 30 , Fatema M. Shehab 31 , Aaya E. Ahmed 32 , Fatema S. M. J. Alawi 33 , Shatha Almabrok 34 , Marwan Alqudah 35 , Fada M. H. Al-Ghfeeili 36 , Nagham Alkhateeb 37 , Mohammad H. Awde 38 , Dina E. Abozaid 39 , Taqi M. J. Taher 40 , Alaa Youness 41 , Mahmoud A. M. Albadawi 42 , Mohammad Darwish 43 , Rowayda Hamouda 44 , Mayameen H. Salman 45 , Kareem Ibraheem 46 , Lomass Soliman 47 , Noha Taymour 48 , Hanan A. S. Barbaid 49 , Haidar Kanso 50 , Hanan A. S. Bamatraf 51 , Khalil Smirat 52 , Afia Murshida 53 , Samar Al-Jabri 54 , Ahmed S. Al Sakini 55 , Wadea A. A. A. Abduh 56 , Ruqaia Shoheeduzzaman 57 , Fatima J. S. Bawazeer 58 , Haidy Samy 59 , Ali Alasassi 60 , Shawqi Seder 61 , Ahmad Alkheder 62 , Lina S. A. Alqumairi 63 , Ghadeer A. A. Al-Surabi 64 , Manel Ferjani 14 , Rania Essouei 16 , Ahmed G. Elmenady 65 , Nour Hamed 38 , Dalal J. Saed 66 , Amaal Dier 67 , Shima A. M. Musa 68 , Naris M. Kadoura 69 , Asma Maliha 70 , Juman Muhtaseb 71 , Rama A. Abu Doush 72 , Shahed M. Benghuzi 73 , Sara A. Araed 74 , Abdullah Khalailah 75 , Hind A. Abdulhay 76 , Omar I. Bsharat 77 , Rasha A. A. Salama 78 , Nour Moosa 79 , Baraa M. A. Khader 80 , Mirna F. Mustafa 81 , Husam Abu Dawood 82 , Ghalia Al Turki 83 , Amal Njoom 84 , Habib Alfalah 85 , Abdullah Ayad 86 , Sarah M. Abdelmohsen 87 , Ali Albashiri 88 , Amer O. Girnos 89 , Aya Kawssan 90 , Zoha Rasheed 91 , Rama Alsukhni 92 , Mahmoud N. Bani Hani 93 , Marwan F. Alzboon 95 , Muhammed M. Abdiwahab 96 , Solaima 97 , Nourin N.Sayed 98 , Zainab M. J. Malalla 99 , Abdullah M. Zahran 100 , Anas 101 , Wesam S. A. Elariny 102 , Alanoud AlShahwani 103 , Nooran A.Mohammed 104 1 Faculty of Pediatrics, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates 2 Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq 3 Surgery, National Ribat University, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan 4 Student in the National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman 5 Faculty of Medicine, National University, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman 6 Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Department of Biochemistry, Giza 7 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 8 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura–Manchester Program, Mansoura, Egypt 9 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 10 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 11 Faculty of Medicine, Ben Youssef Ben Khadda University 1, Algiers, Algeria 12 Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt 13 College of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology 14 Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia 15 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 16 IHEC Carthage, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia 17 Hashimiyya University 18 College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq 19 National University of Science and Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences 20 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 21 Faculty of Medicine, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Egypt 22 National University in Medicine, Muscat, Oman 23 Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus 24 Faculty of Medicine, Ben Youssef Ben Khadda University 1, Algiers, Algeria 25 Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 26 Final-year Medical Student, National University, Oman 27 Faculty of Medicine, Tartous University, Tartous, Syria 28 Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya 29 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 30 National Ribat University, Sudan 31 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt 32 Dubai Medical College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 33 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 34 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 35 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 36 Medical Student, National University of Science and Technology, Sohar, Oman 37 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 38 Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria 39 Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 40 Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq 41 Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Al Hadath, Lebanon 42 Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt 43 Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology 44 Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt 45 Graduated Medical Doctor, Wasit University 46 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 47 Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Hungary 48 Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 49 Faculty of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Yemen 50 Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria 51 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Yemen 52 Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan 53 Faculty of Health, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, UK 54 College of Medicine and Health Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Oman 55 College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq 56 University for Medical and Applied Sciences, Yemen 57 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Qatar 58 Faculty of Medicine, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen 59 Faculty of Physical Therapy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Egypt 60 Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt 61 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 62 Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University & Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria 63 Graduate Doctor, National University, Oman 64 Student, Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a City, Yemen 65 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahlia, Egypt 66 Faculty of Medicine, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya 67 Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Libya 68 Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan 69 Mansoura Manchester Medical Program, Egypt 70 Qatar University 71 Faculty of Nursing, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 72 Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 73 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt 74 Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya 75 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria university, Alexandria, Egypt 76 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University – Manchester Program 77 Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait 78 Department of Community Medicine, Ras Al kHaimah Medical and Health Science University, Ras Al khaimah, UAE 79 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 80 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt 81 Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Palestine 82 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 83 Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Manchester Program 84 Faculty of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine 85 Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan 86 College of Dentistry, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq 87 Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt 88 Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology 89 Faculty of Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq 90 Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon 91 University of Doha for Science and Technology 92 Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan 93 Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) 94 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Sana’a, Yemen 95 Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt 96 Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 97 Affiliation not available 98 Master’s in Psychology, University of Kerala, India 99 Mansoura University, Egypt 100 College of Medicine, Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine 101 Affiliation not available 102 Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 103 Hayat Universal School (HUBS), Qatar 104 Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt