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Authors
Baldeh, Mamadu
O’Hara, Jessica
Parmar, Divya
McKevitt, Christopher
Youkee, Daniel
Deen, Gibrilla F.
Robinson, Dimbintsoa Rakotomalala
Johnson, Jotham
Bayoh, Augustine Thomas Mambu
Sama, Albert
Sackley, Catherine
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health Research (GHRG 17/63/66)
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee (SLESRC, 08/12/2020) and the King’s College London Research Ethics Subcommittee (Ref: HR-20/21-21050). This study follows the principles described in the Declaration of Helsinki, guaranteeing that all participants’ rights, dignity, and confidentiality are protected. Written consent was obtained from all study participants, and a witnessed verbal consent procedure was available.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
