Document is current

Article History

Received: 8 July 2024

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 6 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The China Migrants Dynamic Survey (2018) data are publicly available to authorized researchers who have been given permission from the Migrant Population Service Center. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. As this study involved analysing anonymized existing data, ethical approval was not needed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.