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Authors
Fowler-Davis, Sally https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3870-9272
Nightingale, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7006-0242
Snaith, Beverly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6296-0889
Etty, Sarah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8107-1454
Sevens, Trudy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9772-4851
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Services and Delivery Research Programme (NIHR133813)
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
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: National and institutional ethical approval was obtained [Health Research Authority 22/HRA/4272; Sheffield Hallam University Research Ethics Committee ER53139410 and ER50766713], alongside Health Education England (HEE) gatekeeper permission to access anonymised data from the national NHS workforce payroll dataset, the Electronic Staff Record (ESR). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
