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Article History

Received: 11 September 2025

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted as part of a research project and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Approval No. ZZ2025-011-01).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Prior to participation, the study objectives, voluntary nature of involvement, data confidentiality, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequence were clearly explained on the first page of the electronic questionnaire. Electronic informed consent was secured when participants selected “I agree to participate” on that initial page before proceeding to the questionnaire.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.