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Article History

Received: 12 July 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Local Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Ethical code: IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC.1401.018). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the interviews. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time, and confidentiality was strictly maintained by anonymizing the transcripts and removing any identifying information. Given the sensitivity of topics, participants were offered referrals to counseling services if they experienced distress during or after the interviews. Follow-up support was provided to those who required it, and additional safeguards were implemented to ensure participants’ anonymity, especially in cases where they might fear professional repercussions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.