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Authors
Pan, Lin
Wang, Biao
Huang, Rui
Luo, Li
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China Scientists Fund (72174041)
Shanghai Center for Emerging Technologies Governance in Medicine and Public Health
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Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it involved secondary analysis of anonymized data collected through a government-led health survey organized by the Shanghai Municipal Government. This study did not involve any identifiable personal information. According to institutional and national regulations, ethical review was deemed unnecessary. The need for ethics approval was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the School of Public Health, Fudan University. The study complied with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
