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Authors
Jin, Xueying
Komatsu, Ayane
Noguchi, Taiji
Nakagawa, Takeshi
Okahashi, Sayaka
Saito, Tami
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Institute for Health Economics and Policy (27th FY 2022 Research Grant)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP24K23738)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study is based on institutional-level data and does not include any identifiable personal information. We submitted the study to the Ethics Committee of National Institute of Public Health, and the committee confirmed that the study is exempt from ethical review. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
