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Authors
Mekniran, Wasu
Kowatsch, Tobias
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study used secondary data sources and did not involve human participants, human data, or tissue.
: Not applicable.
: WM and TK are affiliated with the Centre for Digital Health Interventions (CDHI), a joint initiative of the Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zürich; the Department of Management, Technology, and Economics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich; and the Institute of Technology Management and School of Medicine at the University of St Gallen. CDHI is funded in part by CSS, a Swiss health insurer, MavieNext, an Austrian healthcare provider, and the Swiss investor MTIP. TK was a co-founder of Pathmate Technologies, a university spin-off company that creates and delivers digital clinical pathways. However, TK has no shares since 2023 and had never a formal role with Pathmate Technologies. Moreover, neither Pathmate Technologies, MavieNext nor MTIP were involved in this research.
