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Article History

Received: 1 April 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Ethical Review of Research of Institutional Review Board of Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College as a study which is exempt from ethical review because it uses anonymous information and does not cause harm to human or involve sensitive personal information. All methods in our study were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the Measures for Ethical Review of Human Life Science and Medical Research Involving People issued in China in 2023 and the Guidelines for the Ethical Review of Research of Institutional Review Board of Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College in 2024, this study is exempt from ethical review because it uses anonymous information and does not cause harm to human or involve sensitive personal information. Because the data obtained after each patient’s written consent to treatment were anonymous, patient consent was not required. All data were used merely for research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.