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Authors
Liu, Wenwen
Zhao, Wanzheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deep learning-focused research on the development approach and application of higher-order thinking (BIAA23036)
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2026
First Online: 3 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Beijing Forestry University (Ethical approval number: BJFUPSY-2025-058). It involved no collection of identifiable personal data or direct intervention with human subjects and was carried out through an anonymous survey. Participants were fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the study, and their participation was entirely voluntary. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. To ensure confidentiality, data were collected anonymously, with ID numbers used in place of names on the questionnaires. No personal details were requested, and all information was kept strictly confidential. In addition, participants had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
