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Authors
Noris, Nur Jihan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7377-2971
Bakit, Pangie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9207-8929
Saimy, Intan Syafinaz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2719-4290
Libasin, Zalina https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7722-7268
Khairul Anuar, Ili Liyana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1871-5384
Wan Alias, Wan Nur Adila
Ramasamy, Sivarajan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6501-7837
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 3 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study, including the observation-based component, was obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR-21-1045-59255). The study was conducted in compliance to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in each study phase. During the time–motion observations, no identifiable information was collected, and observers did not interfere with clinical care. All data were anonymised and handled in accordance with ethical and confidentiality requirements. No personal identification has been shared or disclosed in any report or publication.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
