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Authors
Nsengiyumva, Jean Paul https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2201-5432
Kubahoniyesu, Theogene https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6495-5719
Ndabarora, Eleazar
Umutoniwase, Bernard
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Article History
Received: 18 October 2025
Accepted: 30 January 2026
First Online: 7 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (RNEC) (IRB No: 00001497; IORG No: 0001100), issued on 20 November 2020. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For participants under the age of 18, written consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian, and assent was obtained from the adolescent. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant local ethical regulations. Institutional authorization for data collection was granted by the management of the participating hospitals.
: All participants provided written consent for anonymized quotations and aggregated findings to be published in scientific journals. No identifiable personal information has been included in the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
