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Authors
Shone, Hailemichael B.
Cai, Sih-Ting
Simon, Kosali
Carnahan, Jennifer L.
Boustani, Malaz
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (2P01AG005842-35A1)
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study analyzed de-identified administrative claims from Optum’s Clinformatics ® Data Mart. The Indiana University Institutional Review Board determined the project to be exempt from human subjects research oversight under 45 CFR 46.104(d) [ ] (secondary research on de-identified data), and the requirement for informed consent was waived. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable regulations, and no identifiable private information was accessed.
: Not applicable; no individual person’s data (including images) are reported.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
