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Authors
Suprapto,
Yuriatson,
Menga, Maria Kurni
Arda, Darmi
Syamsi, N. L. Nur
Mulat, Trimaya Cahya
Djaha, Yohan Trayanus
Angreani, Tirta Asprimi
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Article History
Received: 22 December 2025
Accepted: 12 February 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved human participants and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Politeknik Sandi Karsa, Indonesia (Approval No: B-582/PT19.2.1/PP/VI/2025) prior to the commencement of the study. All participants received comprehensive information regarding the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits before participation. Written or verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to decline participation or withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the research process.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
