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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 25 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Formal ethical approval by an IRB was not required, as under the procedures of the researchers’ respective institutions (University of Galway (1) and University of Bordeaux (2)); (1) “formal ethics review board approval is only required if your research involves minors or vulnerable participants, or you are conducting health research, e.g., the use of patient data, or data is being utilised as part of a clinical trial. (2) The research teams at the University of Bordeaux carry out research on human subjects that do not fall within the remit of French Ethics Committees (Comités de protection des personnes - CPP). As they do not aim to “develop biological or medical knowledge”, it is not considered “research involving human subjects” (RIPH) within the meaning of the Jardé Law. Informed consent to participate in this action research study on hospital processes was obtained from all employees involved. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical standards.

: Permission has been given to publish the study as part of the informed consent process and obtaining consent for future use.

: The authors declare no competing interests.