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Authors
Ranjan, Ayushi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4234-7846
Singh, Geetu
Singh, Himalaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-2768
Singh, Mohit
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Health Research - Indian Council of Medical Research ((HRD/DHR-ICMR/PG-2024/0380))
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee, S.N Medical College, Agra (reference no.-ECR/1409/Inst/UP/2020, (DHR)-ECR/NEW/Inst/2023/3504). Prior to participation, all individuals were provided with information about the study objectives, confidentiality measures, and informed consent was taken from all participants before enrolment.
: Not applicable.
: The author (MS) is currently serving as Joint Director at the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM), Lucknow, which is responsible for the development and implementation of digital health initiatives. MS provided limited technical inputs related to understanding the ABDM ecosystem during the early implementation phase but had no role in the formulation of research questions, development of the study instrument, data collection, data analysis, or interpretation of results, and did not influence the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
