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Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Due to the anonymization of the data in the InGef database (secondary data), no ethical approval was required for this study. No individuals, public health insurance companies or health care service providers can be identified. InGef provided the anonymized secondary data required for the project and has the necessary approvals for the use of the data by the participating health insurance funds and the responsible authorities. The study was conducted in accordance with the following national and international guidelines: Good Practice of Secondary Data Analysis, Good epidemiological practice, Guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practice, ENCePP-Guidelines for Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology.

: Not applicable.

: C.U. Correll has served as consultant/advisor or received honoraria from AbbVie, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Autobahn, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Draig, Eli Lilly, Eumentis Therapeutics, Gedeon Richter, GH Research, Hikma, Holmusk, IntraCellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, MedInCell, MedLink Global, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharmaceuticals, Maplight, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neuraxpharm, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Neurosterix, NeuShen, Neusignal Therapeutics, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Orion Pharma, Otsuka, PPD Biotech, Recognify Life Science, Recordati, Relmada, Response Pharmaeutical, Reviva, Rovi, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, Servier, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris and Xenon Pharmaceuticals. He provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, and Otsuka. He served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Compass Pathways, IntraCellular Therapies, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi. He has received grant support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen and Takeda. He received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option or stock holder of Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharmaceuticals, MedLink Global, Mindpax, Quantic, Terran. All other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.