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Authors
Robertson, Campbell
Brainard, Julii
Smith, Gillian E.
Harcourt, Sally E.
Hoang, Uy
Elliot, Alex J.
de Lusignan, Simon
Colón-González, Felipe J.
Lake, Iain R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 10 March 2026
First Online: 1 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Primary Care Hosted Research Datasets Independent Scientific Committee (PrimDISC), an independent ethics committee responsible for peer review of research protocols involving patient data under its remit. PrimDISC evaluates the scientific merit (including medical, epidemiological, and methodological rigor) of proposed studies to ensure ethical and appropriate use of data. Informed consent to participate was not obtained from the participants from this study as the UKHSA has access to and presumptive authorisation to process and report in aggregate from a range of data sources under regulation 3 (Health Protection) of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulation 2002. Furthermore, the research in this study was carried out in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
