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Authors
Osman, Nor Haji
Abdi, Abdiweli Mohamed
Jimale, Abdirahman Mohamed
Adam, Abdikarim Abdi
Abdi, Ibrahim Mohamed
Moallim, Aweis Ahmed
Roble, Abdisalan Mohamed
Mohamud, Abdirahman Ahmed
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved human participants and received ethical approval from the Ethical Review Board of Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (Reference No. JUREC0133/CGS/347/052025). All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. In addition, the Health Management Information System (HMIS) Section of the Ministry o f Health and Human Services, Somalia, authorized data access following a formal request outlining the purpose of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after they were fully informed about the study objectives and potential benefits. To ensure confidentiality, data were collected anonymously, and no personal identifiers were recorded.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
