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Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study adhered to rigorous ethical considerations throughout its execution. Permission and approval to conduct the study were obtained from the Institute of Public Health and Management at Clarke International University (CIU) and the Clarke International University Research Ethics Committee (CIUREC) [Ref No: CIU/2021/158]. In addressing the local context, permission was obtained from the Ministry of Health Development [Ref No: MOHD/DG2/2937/112] to conduct this study within the specified hospital setting.

: Not applicable.

: Informed consent was diligently obtained from all respondents, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the study’s aim, procedures, and anticipated benefits. The participants assured that the information they provided would be treated confidentially throughout the study. To maintain confidentiality, no identification information, including the names of the participants, was recorded on the questionnaire. Respecting the principles of ethics, the study followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, underscoring our commitment to ethical practices in human research, and respecting the autonomy and rights of individuals involved in the study while aligning with ethical committee-approved procedures.

: The authors declare no competing interests.