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Authors
Kusama, Taro
Tamada, Yudai
Hoshi-Harada, Manami
Osaka, Ken
Takeuchi, Kenji
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 19 March 2026
Declarations
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: For this study, anonymized information obtained from the commercially available DeSC Database (DeSC Healthcare, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was used. The anonymization procedure adhered to the Next-Generation Medical Infrastructure Act and Japan Act on the Protection of Personal Information. Based on these act, informed consent was waived due to the anonymous nature of the data. According to the ethical guidelines for clinical research in Japan, studies using anonymized processed information do not require review by an ethics review committee. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical guidelines for clinical research in Japan.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
