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Article History

Received: 13 August 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved non-invasive observation of workplace practices and informal conversations with staff. No medical procedures or sensitive personal data were collected. According to Dutch legislation (Wet medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek met mensen, WMO), ethical approval is not required for studies that do not involve medical interventions or the collection of sensitive health-related data. Therefore, this study was not submitted to an ethics committee. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All individuals involved were informed about the purpose of the study and gave verbal consent to participate. As the conversations focused exclusively on technical and procedural aspects of sterilization workflows, and did not involve personal or medical information, formal written consent procedures were deemed unnecessary.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.