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Article History

Received: 19 December 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 25 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was based on aggregated and fully anonymized administrative data derived from Hospital Discharge Records. No individual-level or identifiable patient data were collected or analyzed. In addition, direct observations and qualitative data collection were conducted exclusively on hospital care processes and healthcare professionals’ routine activities, without involving patients and without collecting personal or identifiable data on healthcare staff. All data collection, information sharing, analyses, and dissemination of results were carried out within the framework of a training course provided by the hospital and accredited with continuing medical education credits for healthcare professionals. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Healthcare staff were informed about the aims of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, data handling and confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Participation in the course implied consent to take part in the study activities, and explicit consent was obtained from participants prior to each interview. All members of the academic and research team formally agreed to maintain the confidentiality of the data and to use them exclusively for research purposes. According to Italian national regulations and the General Data Protection Regulation (EU Regulation 2016/679), this type of study did not require submission to or approval by a local ethics committee or Institutional Review Board. In the present study, no patients, identifiable patient data, or biological materials were involved. Healthcare professionals participated as adult volunteers in a non-interventional, organizational and educational context, through interviews, direct observation of routine work processes, and collaborative development of organizational solutions within an accredited hospital training program. The study did not involve any intervention on participants’ health, nor the collection of health-related data concerning the participants themselves. For these reasons, while the study does not fall within the core scope of medical research targeted by the Declaration of Helsinki, we have ensured that all procedures were conducted in accordance with its ethical principles, as applicable, including voluntariness of participation, informed consent, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw at any time.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.