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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 2 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The protocol was approved by the Ethiopian Public Health Institute Review Board and Ethical clearance was issued with Ref. No. EPHI-IRB-486-2022 on date February 4, 2023 from Scientific and Ethical Review Office (SERO) which is located in Ethiopia Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The detail information if the scientific and ethical review office (SERO) can be accessed using: https://ephi.gov.et/about-us/departments-units/scientific-and-ethical-review-office-sero. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. A support letter was written to the Ministry of Health and the ministry directed a cooperation letter to each director within which the programs were governed. Written Informed consent was obtained from each respondent before interviewing. Confidentiality of individual respondents’ information was ensured using unique identifiers for study participants. Participation in the study was voluntary and they were informed of their right to withdraw from participation at any time during the interview. Data collected for this study were anonymized by de-linking personal information from the main data. The interview was carried out in a private room that ensured the privacy of the respondent.

: Not applicable.

: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not an official representation of the MOH, EPHI, EPHA, IDI, AFREhealth, Africa CDC or Mastercard Foundation.

: All processes of this research were in line with research ethics of human population and all authors had provided their consent prior to participation.

: The authors declare no competing interests.