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Authors
Merz-Herrala, Allison A.
Biggs, M. Antonia
Ehrenreich, Katherine
Kaller, Shelly
Ralph, Lauren
Scott, Karen A.
Kapp, Nathalie
Kromenaker, Tammi
Perritt, Jamila
White, Kari
Grossman, Daniel
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Society of Family Planning (SFPRF12-MA9)
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Article History
Received: 15 October 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco approved this study (IRB# 20-31423). All research was conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent to participate.
: Not applicable.
: Dr. Biggs reported receiving personal fees from the Center for Reproductive Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union outside the submitted work. Dr. Grossman reported receiving personal fees from Planned Parenthood Federation of America for serving as an expert witness in cases challenging abortion restrictions. The other authors have no competing interests to disclose.
