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Article History

Received: 30 May 2025

Accepted: 12 April 2026

First Online: 18 May 2026

Declarations

:

: No experiments were conducted for this study. All data used for this study is secondary data, and hence gaining consent from participants is not applicable. We were approved special license access for the 2014 wave of the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey by the UK data service and data holders (project ID: 257,367). The other data we used is publicly available secondary data and hence did not require ethics approval. We did not seek ethics approval from any committee or institutional review board because we only used secondary data that was either publicly available or we were approved to access by the UK data service.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.