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Authors
Wang, Darong
Yuan, Yulian
Guo, Xingzi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Clinical Specialty Scientific Research Project (Z2023156)
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2026JJ81744)
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Article History
Received: 15 January 2026
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. It was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shaoyang Central Hospital, which granted a waiver of written informed consent owing to the anonymous and minimal-risk nature of the study (Approval No. KY2025-002-19). Questionnaire completion by participants was considered as implied consent to participate. Confidentiality was maintained by using anonymous questionnaires with no personal identifiers, stored in secure databases accessible only to researchers. Participants were verbally informed by investigators of their right to decline participation at any time without repercussions.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
