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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 7 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was based on anonymized administrative data derived from the Healthcare Error Monitoring Information System (HEMIS) of the Veneto Region. The disclosure and use of these data for educational and scientific purposes do not require approval by an ethics committee under current Italian legislation. On 24 January 2023, the Veneto Region adopted a specific code of conduct governing the use of health data for educational and scientific publication purposes (Official Bulletin of the Veneto Region, Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione no. 10), in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). This code of conduct was approved by the Italian Personal Data Protection Authority on 14 January 2021. Informed consent was waived because the study relied exclusively on surveillance and administrative data analysed and reported in aggregated form, with no possibility of identifying individual patients. Prior to data access by the authors, all personal identifiers were removed and replaced with anonymous codes, in compliance with Italian privacy legislation (Legislative Decree no. 196 of 30 June 2003). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.