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Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 7 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Approvals from the relevant ethics committees for this study were obtained in all participating countries, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Belgium: Commissie Medische Ethiek, 09/08/2023, EC-2023-164; Ireland: SJH/TUH Joint Research Ethics Committee, 14/11/2023, 3726; Italy: Comitato Etico Territoriale Lombardia, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 31/07/2023, INT171/23; the Netherlands: METC Amsterdam UMC, 22/08/2023, 2023.0489; Portugal: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra and Ethics Committee of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Coimbra Francisco Gentil, 25/09/2023, EO04/2023; Poland: Komisja Bioetyczna, Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 14/06/2023, 1072.6120.55.2023. The trial is registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT06110312). All participants gave written informed consent prior to data collection. All obtained data were pseudonymized.

Consent for publication: N.A.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

EU NAVIGATE Collaborative Author List and full list of consortium research members: Rose Miranda 1 , Chelsea Vinckier 1 , Shannen De Vos 1 , Chiara Verschaeren 1 , Eline Naert 2 , Helena Du Cheyne 2 , Roeline Pasman 3 , Annicka van de Plas 3 , Gloria Puurveen 4 , Ashford Kelly 4 , Ilona Barańska 6 , Kasia Slaby 6 , Agata Stodolska 6 , Emilia Malmur 6 , Natalia Witek 6 , Maja Furlan de Brito 7,8 , Vitor Rodrigues 7 , Sonia Silva 7 , Inês Correia 7 , Sandra Gervasio 7 , Peter May 9 ,Amanda Lavan 9 , Gemma O’Keeffe 9 , Siofra Hearne 9 , Monica Gandelli 10 , Chiara Lusetti 10 , Laura Gangeri 11 , Bianca Scacciati 11 . 1 Department of Family Medicine and Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. 2 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium. 3 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Expertise Center for Palliative Care Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 4 University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada. 5 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 6 Laboratory for Research on Aging Society, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. 7 Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 8 Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King’s College London, London, UK. 9 Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 10 Lega Italiana per la lotta contro i tumori di Milano, LILT Milano Monza Brianza, Milano, Italy. 11 Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, INT, Milano, Italy.