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Article History

Received: 8 February 2026

Accepted: 13 May 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study uses publicly available secondary data from the DHS Program, which follows strict ethical standards to protect the privacy and confidentiality of all participants. Survey protocols and questionnaires are reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF (International Coaching Federation) and, when applicable, by national ethics committees in each participating country. The ICF IRB ensures compliance with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations (45 CFR 46) for the protection of human subjects. For this secondary analysis, we obtained permission to use the DHS data through the formal data request process. Because the data are publicly accessible, no additional institutional ethical approval was required for this analysis.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants by DHS program prior to their inclusion in the study.

: Not applicable. This study does not involve identifiable individual data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.