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Article History

Received: 28 February 2025

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 22 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The data utilized in this study are secondary in nature, sourced from the Turkish Health Survey micro datasets provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). These datasets are made accessible to researchers upon request and payment of a specified fee. As the data are anonymized, no personally identifiable information is disclosed, ensuring participant confidentiality. Consequently, this study was conducted using an already publicly accessible secondary dataset, and no additional consent or ethical approval was required. This approach is consistent with prior studies using older versions of the same dataset [72], where no additional research permission or ethical committee approval was necessary for generating scientific outputs.

: This study uses secondary data collected from publicly available sources provided by the Turkish Statistical Institute. Since there was no direct interaction with human participants and no personally identifiable information was used, obtaining informed consent was not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.