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Article History

Received: 12 January 2026

Accepted: 20 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and with applicable French regulations governing research involving human participants. In line with the Loi Jardé (Articles L.1121-1 et seq. of the French Public Health Code) and its implementing Décret n° 2017-884 du 9 mai 2017, the study was classified as a non-interventional study (non-RIPH), as defined in Article R1121-1 (II) of the Code de la santé publique. Therefore, submission to a Comité de Protection des Personnes (CPP) was not required. The COOPER-ACTION project received approval from the Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL), and all procedures complied with the General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD). Data processing was conducted under the supervision of the Data Protection Officer of the University of Lorraine. All participants received written and oral information about the study and provided informed consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and participants could withdraw at any time without consequences. All data were anonymized and handled confidentially throughout the research process.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.